1. here. However, there remains little evidence to demonstrate that human trafficking is caused by information deficits among prospective migrants or about the positive effects of premigration awareness interventions [45]. A prevention lens directs us to consider the interaction of multiple factors that protect or put individuals and populations at risk of labor exploitation and to seek potential mechanisms to minimize these risks or enhance protection. This perspective incorporates forms of harm beyond physical, psychological, and occupational health problems and includes social, financial, and legal harm and further suggests that the damage from exploitation can transmit across generations. Human trafficking and other forms of extreme exploitation, including forced labor and forced marriage, now collectively under the terminological umbrella “modern slavery,” are reported to affect an estimated 40.3 million people globally, with 29.4 million considered to be in situations of forced labor [1]. Next, when considering harm, findings from studies around the world indicate consistently that most trafficked people experience violence and hazardous, exhausting work, and few emerge without longer-term, sometimes disabling, physical and psychological damage [54]. Human trafficking affects a surprisingly large number of adolescents around the globe. This comprehensive review of current literature on human trafficking into and within the United States focuses on surveying what the social science or other literature has found about the issues of identifying and effectively serving trafficking victims. This brings us back to the proposition we posed initially: human trafficking should be considered a global health concern. No, Is the Subject Area "Labor economics" applicable to this article? Because of the challenges of conducting surveys on human trafficking, there has been little population-based prevalence data on trafficking-related morbidity and mortality. Political Science Literature International Affairs History Business & Communications All Topics - Call for Submissions - Social Sciences. Article 14 2008 Human Trafficking in China Susan Tiefenbrun This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UST Research Online and the University of St. Thomas Law Journal. Trafficking is a form of human slavery, manifested largely through the sex industry but also in labor. Labor exploitation can be seen as a health determinant and preventable social problem and benefit from public health prevention approaches that target the harm before it occurs [27]. 1 The total number of victims is unknown, although estimates range into the millions. But each year, approximately 14,500 to 17,500 women, men and children are trafficked into the United States for the purposes of forced labor or sexual exploitation. The history of human trafficking and anti-trafficking efforts indicates how human trafficking is a cross-cutting issue and related to prostitution, immigration, labour and organised crime. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Human trafficking is a global problem affecting people of all ages. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Women and girls make up the majority of sex trafficking victims. In this introduction to the Collection on Human Trafficking, Exploitation and Health, we describe the magnitude of the problem, discuss the complex characteristics of trafficking, indicate the harm and associated health burden of trafficking, and offer a public health policy framework to guide robust responses to trafficking. Moreover, from this vantage point, we might reflect somewhat provocatively on the striking similarities between the harm sustained by people who are officially identified as “trafficking victims” versus migrant workers in the same sectors [19]. Human Trafficking Peer Reviewed Articles. This organisation, highlighted the effects of human trafficking. While the enslavement of humans has been occurring even before the dawn of written history, today's form of slavery occurs on an unprecedented scale in both scope and reach. Extreme exploitation, like other complex social phenomena, such as violence against women or substance misuse, has multiple and interacting causes and effects [25, 26]. The United Nations defines trafficking in persons as “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation” [2]. The article presents an understanding of the nature and extent of trafficking by outlining legal recognition and current responses to this crime. The article “Attitudes about human trafficking: Individual differences related to belief and victim blame” takes an empirical look into how the public perceives victims of human trafficking. Human trafficking violates fundamental human rights of children the world over [ 1, 2 ]. Children of both genders were also recognised as victims of trafficking. For example, women and girls are commonly trafficked for sexual exploitation, forced marriage, and domestic work [1, 4], while males appear to be more vulnerable to trafficking into various armed conflicts, and men in Southeast Asia are more likely than women to be recruited for commercial fishing, sometimes referred to as “sea slavery” [15, 16]. While migration within and across national borders has been an economic and social mobility strategy that has benefited millions of people around the world, there is growing recognition that labor exploitation of migrant workers has become a problem of global proportions. Social support and job assistance schemes [51], where available, can mitigate distress migration but are sometimes perceived as inadequate to overcome financial pressures, long-term poverty, or to secure financial self-sufficiency [52]. For example, 91% of Bangladeshi migrants reported multiple migration-related debts, including labor brokers’ fees [50]. Gordon and colleagues make the case for an integrated care approach—a persuasive recommendation particularly apt for this population, given the broad range of physical and psychological damage that is often involved. McGee, Nicole (2013) "Mexico, Drug Trafficking Organizations, Realism, and Human Security,"PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal: Vol. Legalization in the United States, however, is the perfect catalyst for a universal movement. Most migrants leave home in search of a better life for themselves and their family, sometimes inspired by income disparities between neighboring migrant and nonmigrant households. These types of abusive work situations are especially viable in low- and middle-income countries [6] where low-cost labor is in high demand and where informal and precarious employment proliferates and labor governance is weak [7, 8]. Labor intermediaries can include a chain of connected or separate, formal or informal, trustworthy or untrustworthy agents. Debts and other financial obligations, including for medical care, can increase survivors’ vulnerability to further exploitation [49]. Yes Fig 2 depicts factors associated with labor exploitation across a migration process, dimensions of exploitation, and various dimensions of harm. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. Yes Recent research indicated that Bolivian migrants were exploited by compatriots for textile work in Argentina, whereas the opposite was true among Kyrgyz construction workers who secured decent work in Kazakhstan through their own Kyrgyz networks [19]. More than 40,000 total cases of human trafficking have been reported to the Hotline in the last 10 years. This is the type of evidentiary groundwork that was laid to address complex social problems such as intimate partner violence and that is now included in many routine health surveys and the international calculation of the Global Burden of Disease [25, 64]. Browse full-text Human Trafficking articles and other academic articles in Inquiries Journal. Ethnic minority and highly marginalized populations are known to work in some of the most exploitative and damaging sectors, such as leather tanning, mining, and stone quarry work [12]. Human Trafficking videos and latest news articles; GlobalNews.ca your source for the latest news on Human Trafficking . Human Trafficking Journals Pdf . Takala et al. analysis that uses scholarly published journals on human trafficking that identified the history and the current happenings within the anti-trafficking pacts or resolutions. Human trafficking also frequently manifests in highly gendered ways [1]. Although the practice of human trafficking has a long history, it has only been since the enactment of the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (part of the Palermo Protocols) in 2000 that a concerted effort has been made to examine and evaluate interventions to counter human trafficking. Memorandum of Understanding; PPE, Lippincott Journals Subscribers, use your username or email along with your password to log in. Visit the journal Aims & Scope to learn how to contribute. And, while not explicit, this conceptualization also acknowledges the role of inequalities such as age, gender, nationality, ethnicity, and class [35] to each individual’s vulnerability to exploitation [36]. Among trafficking surviors in Southeast Asia, nearly half (48%) reported physical or sexual abuse and 22% sustained severe injuries, including lost limbs, and reported symptoms indicative of depression and anxiety disorders [10]. It also suggests that we examine how various dimensions of exploitation might contribute to aspects of harm among different populations. [email protected]. Within 48 hours of running away from home, it's likely that a child will be approached to participate in prostitution or some form of commercial sex exploitation.5 The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children estimates that one in six children will be victims of human trafficking.10 Trafficke… Government can play a role in restricting migration, such as Nepal’s migration bans affecting younger prospective female migrants [17], or can promote migration through, for example, the Bangladeshi government’s Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), which subsidizes recruitment fees for females migrating to numerous Gulf States [18]. Human trafficking is a vicious crime against a person’s human rights and has been denoted as a form of modern-day slavery. This has resulted in increased recognition of the effect of precarious employment, multiple forms of marginalization, and legal and entitlement structures in individual and population health [14]. On these editorial pages, if you’re a regular reader, you know that I often stress the importance of “mentalizing” as a powerful method to connect with and respond to our patients. Ultimately, however, in this introductory paper, we assert that human trafficking is a global health concern. After being exploited, many trafficked workers are encumbered by physical and/or psychological health problems and debt. The trauma caused by the traffickers can be so great that many may not identify themselves as victims or ask for help, even in highly public settings. Won Kidane . human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. ABSTRACT: Human trafficking, or modern-day slavery, is a global problem with broad reach that is often underrecognized in the United States. Journal of Human Trafficking is a high-impact journal and supports progress towards the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). To date, there has been very limited engagement by the global health community in the dialogue on or responses to trafficking. Human trafficking and labor exploitation are substantial health determinants that need to be treated as preventable, drawing on public health intervention approaches that target the underlying drivers of exploitation before the harm occurs. Yes 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international). Nonetheless, broader research indicates that labor market inequalities are closely associated with mortality, healthy life expectancy, and injury rates [20, 21]. Prostitution and sex trafficking are still the focus of many unresolved women’s and human rights issues. Recent epidemiological shifts away from infectious diseases towards noncommunicable diseases [24] has led to growing knowledge about the influence of socioeconomic and cultural determinants in mortality and morbidity patterns. Reports on human trafficking regularly highlight that child workers, minorities, and irregular migrants are at particular risk of more extreme forms of exploitation. It is not coincidental that exploitation of workers has occurred alongside the diminishing power and density of trade unions and shrinking freedom of association and collective bargaining [32]. March 2016 marked the start of the largest human trafficking trial in Thai history. For more information, please contactlawjournal@stthomas.edu. January 1, 2016 by oldtowncrier Leave a Comment. Irregular or illegal migration status can be used to threaten and coerce workers. The History of Human Trafficking. Yes Continuing its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the . Affiliation PLOS is launching a collection of essays and research articles on “Human Trafficking, … Wolters Kluwer Health In an era in which the value of human labor appears to be systematically degraded and political rhetoric further marginalizes already disregarded migrants and disadvantaged workers, now is a propitious moment to launch, in earnest, global health actions to tackle endemic labor exploitation. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click However, the recent development in terms of defining the menace proved a difficulty that demonstrates continued human exploitation. For immediate assistance, contact Customer Service: Over half of the world’s 215 million young workers are estimated to be in hazardous sectors including forced sex work and forced street begging [11]. But we have to keep trying and not let ourselves look away. The economic burden of work-related injury and illness on states is also substantial, with global estimates indicating a worldwide price tag of US$2.8 trillion [23]. A dialogue is needed about how much and in what ways low-wage workers are currently exploited and about the ways that work-related hazards might harm individuals, including by disabling parents, who may then be forced to send their children to work—perhaps producing a generational cycle of disability and disenfranchisement. The research explores how the human trafficking definition keeps changing over several decades to the present situation. The framework in Fig 2 depicts a process of complex, cumulative causation of potential harm throughout a migration cycle. Copyright: © 2017 Zimmerman, Kiss. Initially, trafficking of women and girls for forced sex work and, to a lesser extent, domestic servitude, were the sole focus of advocacy and assistance. What Therapies are Favored in the Treatment of the Psychological Sequelae of Trauma in Human Trafficking Victims? Because human trafficking is such a multidimensional problem, what qualifies as human trafficking and the critical aspects of the problem can be framed and described in varied ways. Men, women, and children are trafficked for various purposes, including domestic servitude, agricultural and plantation work, commercial fishing, textiles, factory labor, construction, mining, and forced sex work as well as bride trafficking and petty crime [3–5]. Department of Homeland Security. Human trafficking and other forms of extreme exploitation, including forced labor and forced marriage, now collectively under the terminological umbrella “modern slavery,” are reported to affect an estimated 40.3 million people globally, with 29.4 million considered to be in situations of forced labor . It is not easy. But human trafficking is now understood more broadly to occur in a wide array of low- or no-wage hazardous labor. PLoS Med 14(11): For example, victims are highly vulnerable and largely hidden from the public, which makes it particularly difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the amount of people trafficked per year. Available at: Journal of Psychiatric Practice®24(2):71, March 2018. Moreover, when one family member is disabled, other family members, including children, may be pushed into exploitative situations. Yes MOU, Main article: Human trafficking in the United States In 2002, Derek Ellerman and Katherine Chon founded a non-government organization called the Polaris Project to combat human trafficking. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The definition of human trafficking has evolved over time to become nearly synonymous with slavery; however, we demonstrate that media and anti-trafficking organisations have been focussing their attention on the sexual exploitation of foreign women. 30 mins. Human slavery did not end with the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. At the moment, there are at the very least 510 known trafficking flows all over the world. Includes … Trafficking cases are categorized under a variety of laws, most commonly Articles 600, 601, and 602 of the Penal Code, but determining the scope of labor versus sex trafficking is difficult as the current collection and distribution of comprehensive law enforcement data does not separate forced labor from forced prostitution convictions (UNODC, 2009a, 2009b; U.S. Department of State, 2012a). No, Is the Subject Area "Employment" applicable to this article? 2000- Free the Slaves, an American charity organisation of Anti-Slavery International, was launched in the United States. No, Is the Subject Area "Health care policy" applicable to this article? The sex trafficking of women has received attention by the U.S. social work profession as a contemporary human-rights abuse. Registered users can save articles, searches, and manage email alerts. may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed Browse full-text Drug Trafficking articles and other academic articles in Inquiries Journal. Results: A total of 33 articles on human trafficking as defined above were published in 14 social work journals between 2000 and 2011. At the same time, however, there has been limited evidence on the social, financial, and legal harm suffered by trafficked persons—which often have further implications for ill health. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. In introducing the Modern Slavery Act 2015, Theresa May seized a political opportunity to address the egregious violations of human rights associated with human trafficking and avowed a victim-centred approach, with a view to ‘always keeping the plight of victims at the very heart of our policies and in everything we do’ (May 2013: ii). Because there has been limited theoretical work conducted on labor exploitation and harm, this broad framework is meant to help guide future intervention research and prevention strategies. Collection Review articles synthesize in narrative form the best available evidence on a topic. Current Issue Blog About Submissions Login. From the U.S. Dept. Notably, people can be recruited into trafficking situations multiple times over a single journey. PLOS Medicine publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas. your express consent. The Hotline annually receives multiple reports of human trafficking cases in each of the 50 states and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here. Research Articles On Human Trafficking. 247 (2008). For information on cookies and how you can disable them visit our Privacy and Cookie Policy. Labor migration is an economic and social mobility strategy that benefits millions of people around the world, yet human trafficking and the exploitation of low-wage workers is pervasive. 15 minute read • December 17, 2020. suggest there are 2.3 million work-attributable deaths annually, with the greater share of work-related morbidity and injuries in low-income countries, and highlight the gradual shift of hazardous labor to Asia, in particular [22]. As the first medical journal collection on human trafficking, exploitation, and health, the PLOS collection offers a good start towards gaining greater attention from the health sector. What is human trafficking? Human Trafficking is defined as “the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, ... Children and adolescents at particular risk for human trafficking have a history of sexual abuse, are homeless or runaways, are in foster care, or have been in the juvenile justice system 10. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. All rights reserved. This organisation is one of the most influential movements in history. The US Department of Homeland Security1 has this to say: Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Although the literature is sparse regarding evidence-based treatment for this particular population, valuable published clinical wisdom provides much needed guidance. The truly inhuman cruelty inflicted on these sufferers can be almost unimaginable. These types of crimes are seen as being the fault of foreigners, either because foreigners are the victims or perpetrators of these crimes, or because they ‘export’ these crimes to Sweden (for example, Dagens Nyheter , 11-05 … The exploitation that is at the heart of trafficking comprises different forms of abuse, such as extensive hours, poor pay, extortionate debt, physical confinement, serious occupational hazards, violence, and threats. The item(s) has been successfully added to ", This article has been saved into your User Account, in the Favorites area, under the new folder. The elements of coercion, exploitation, and harm link human trafficking with other forms of modern slavery, forced labor and forced marriage. That is, the health consequences of human trafficking are so widespread and severe that it should be addressed as a public health problem of global magnitude. The discussion that follows focuses primarily on trafficking of labor migrants and exploitation, but the core features underpinning exploitation, power, control, and abuse, are applicable to other forms of human trafficking (forced sex work, forced marriage, for armed conflict). Providing evidence alongside expert commentary, this collection points to the range of clinical specialties and policy considerations required to address human trafficking as a global health determinant. Published by the International Political Science Association. Yet, it is also true that trafficking not only happens out in the open but within established institu- These forms of abuse occur across a spectrum at varying levels of severity. Human Rights Libraries HeinOnline Foreign & International Law Resources (Harvard Login) Access to key publications from the American Society of International Law and human rights yearbooks from around the world. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437. Journal Articles On Human Trafficking Following the above definition, the earliest form of global human trafficking began with the African slave trade. Since the American and European continents were involved as buyers, and the different African groups were both items of trade and middlemen, it is the first known international flow of human trafficking.However, prior to the first law against slavery by the British in 1807, this trade was both legal and government-tolerated. Human trafficking Human trafficking has received increasing global attention over the past decade. • Human Trafficking Webliography (Panigabutra-Roberts 2009). Editor’s Note: This is the second article in a three-part series looking at the problem of human trafficking, its social impact and potential solutions. ... Access bills, legislative history, congressional documents back to 1789 and CRS Reports. In a global study by the United Nations, identified trafficked persons originated from 106 countries. 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