It is a little-known tree indigenous to intramontane areas, with very low average rainfall, in southwestern Morocco. The leaves are small, 2–4 cm … Investors, on the other hand, frequently fail because they lack adequate information concerning the risks and uncertainties related to these ventures. Rainfalls that exceed 400 mm delimit marginal areas for the argan tree. Currently, the olive industry has been curtailed due to rising production costs (approximately 40% annually) and low foreign currency (dollar) values. The tree is in threat of extinction due to clearance, poor germination quality, and the use of the timber as fuel. Eight classes of agroclimatic suitability under dry-subhumid, semiarid, and arid climatic conditions were delineated. The resulting boom of this particular species can lead to large investments and campaigns promoting the need for its domestication and industrial scale commercialization. Afterwards, these were processed by the Geographic Information System (GIS) tool of the Arc-GIS 9.3 program. This research was supported by the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET) of Argentina. These trees are warm region plants only, but growing macadamia nuts in southern California and other areas with tropical climates is possible. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. According to [4], it appears in subspontaneous form in the Sahara, between Djebel Ouarkziz and the Hamada of Tindouf (Algeria), in humid microhabitats. Notwithstanding, this is pioneering work because the agroclimatic zoning for the argan tree in Argentina has never been done before. Argan tree is a promising dryland crop for farmers in semiarid and arid climates of Argentina. Starting in Essaouira and extending to Goulmime, and from the High Atlas to the Atlantic Ocean, it covers more than 828,000 ha [3]. The altitudinal range of the argan tree extends from sea level up to 1,300–1,500 m. The annual rainfall varies from 250 mm in Safi to 400 mm in Agadir. A very suitable area was described, which covers a large portion of the province of La Rioja and a small part of Catamarca. Argan Tree Icon Argan Tree. To the west of the very suitable area, there is a suitable area with constraints under semiarid regime that comprises part of the provinces of San Juan, La Rioja, and San Luis. The color is darker and the odor stronger than argan cosmetic oil because of the previous toasting of the kernels. An agroclimatic zoning model was developed. The argan (Argania spinosa L.) tree is indigenous to southwestern Morocco. For instance, they sometimes put at risk the sustainability of the ecosystem where implantation is purported, or they ignore the agroclimatic requirements of the species. The climate of a geographic location can be depicted by long-term averages or “Normals,” which are defined as 30-year averages of a climate element. They will tolerate irrigation with brackish water. An optimal area can be identified to the west of the country and another one in the Patagonian region. The way to grow an Argan tree * Plant the seeds inside plastic pots Prepare a 3 inch-sized plastic pot for every single Argan seed that you desire to plant. Argan trees grow in poor soil in their native habitat, according to the University of Arizona's Campus Arboretum website, and are not fussy about soil quality. Argan trees in nature receive up to 39 inches of rain per year. Occasionally, new crops with attractive properties and exploitation potential capture the attention of both public and private sectors. It is a region traditionally used for agriculture and livestock raising. In some parts of Morocco, goats can be found perched on the branches of argan trees, nibbling away at their fruit and leaves. Basic data in determining this similarity were the amount of annual rainfall, the annual temperature, the annual minimum temperature, the winter maximum temperature, the minimum temperature of the coldest month, the mean annual minimum temperature, and the annual maximum temperature. Down Icon Down. The nut-shells are also burned for cooking. For now, we have found an excellent farmer who supplies us with our Argan fruit. According to [13], the argan tree prospers in desert or arid (Bw), steppe or semiarid (Bs) climates, between 20 and 32° latitude. Climatic interpolations were made using the “Interpolate to Raster” tool, within the “3D Analyst” extension of the GIS of the same program, following the Ordinary Kriging interpolation method. According to [12], in the period 1970–2007, argan tree density decreased 44.5%. The argan tree (argania spinosa) is found exclusively in Morocco, particularly the south-western region. The suitable areas are those where the average minimum temperature is above −5°C. The rest of the citations correspond to Morocco (30,53°N/7,89°W, 30,79°N/8,38°W, 29,70°N/9,92°W, 30,82°N/8,40°W, 30,68°N/8,17°W, 29,42°N/9,44°W, 30,37°N/9,70°W, 30,62°N/8,09°W, 29,75°N/9,28°W, etc.). However, if dairy cattle are fed with the cake, it contaminates the milk, and this may cause diarrhoea in children. Argan oil — or “liquid gold,” as many refer to it — is made from the fresh kernels of the fruit of the argan tree in Morocco. Argan tree plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and the economic situation of the population. In Morocco's southern mountains gold grows on the region's argan trees. Values were averaged for each month over a 30-year period to obtain the long-term average. Argentina’s climatic diversity is remarkable due to both its vast territory and distinct geographic factors that influence the climatic characteristics of the different regions. Argan Tree. In fact, it’s a specialized plant that’s only native to one area. In 1999, Unesco added the argan tree to the World Heritage list. If temperatures fall below 18°C the climate is deemed too cold for the argan tree, and the area is not suitable [13]. Apart from the economic value, Argan trees play a huge role in the natural ecosystem. Saadia’s son in law was teaching in a town called Ait Daoud in Essaouira province and he came to know this gentleman well a few years ago. The climate system of a particular place defines the crops that can be developed. Considering the increase in arid conditions worldwide, together with the prediction for fewer rainfalls, argan trees could be used for greenery purpose and to reduce climate change effect. argan trees influence the soil underneath significantly, while the soil in intertree areas is less protected and more degraded. In the 100 to 200 mm and 300 to 400 mm interval, the area is suitable and, from 200 to 300 mm, optimal. Aspects of growth, such as development and death chances by excess or deficiency, were analyzed. However, research on these plants is usually scarce because they are commonly wild nondomesticated species. This composition is particularly adept for nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal uses. Clear Skin. As a result, in locations where topographic and geographic traits significantly alter the microclimate, specific areas where the species may be grown could be unknowingly disregarded. We look forward to using only our own fruit to make our oil some day. Argan trees grow in poor soil in their native habitat, according to the University of Arizona's Campus Arboretum website, and are not fussy about soil quality. Make a healthy soil combination by combining one part humus, one part peat moss, and 2 parts loam. The suitable areas cover part of the provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja, Córdoba, and San Luis and small areas in Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, and Salta. It later diverts to the north because of the altitudinal effect imposed by the Andes Mountains. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. The effects of different treatments, such as container type, planting medium and seed … The essential fatty acids fight against drying and the loss of elasticity which encourage the appearance of wrinkles. For this reason, the Moroccan government seeks to obtain a Geographical Indication (GI) on argan oil [8]. The tree is an important source of forage for sheep, goats, and cattle, but horses reject it. The dry season is inordinately long, resulting in a short growing season. The country borders to the north with Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay; to the south with Chile and the Atlantic Ocean; to the east with Brazil, Uruguay, and the Atlantic Ocean; and to the west with Chile (Figure 1). A threat to the argan forests. CannaCell® Sensitive 1000 Roses® Quenching. The white seeds contain up to 50% of light brown oil, and oil production ranges between 1000 and 2000 tons per year. Considering that the species has not yet been introduced into Argentina, the climate of its original area was studied in detail. Argentina’s winter lasts from June to August. The tree is also popular as a shade tree and it is useful for soil conservation and windbreaks. Keep them in dark and change the water every day. Macadamia nut trees can begin bearing in 6 to 7 years, so it is important … The suitable and very suitable areas for argan largely coexist with the Argentine olive tree cultivation region. Recently, strict conservation measures have been implemented to prevent its disappearance [13]. Near Essouira, Morocco - E028EB from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Argan is perfectly adapted to the region’s harsh environment, with the ability to survive extreme heat (over 50°C), drought and poor soil. The nuts are later collected by farmers to produce oil. By creating an account you agree to the Hunker, Purdue University Extension: New Crops as a Possible Solution for the Troubled Israeli Export Market, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Argania Spinosa. Polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute approximately 80% of argan oil, and 30% of it is linoleic acid. Based on international bibliography, the authors outlined an agroclimatic zoning model for this tree in Argentina. Bramwell holds a Bachelor of Science with honors in zoology from the British University of Reading. The argan tree is a slow-growing spiny tree and is either shrubby or up to 10 m high when isolated and growing in a favorable environment [2]. C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, and S. Anthony, “Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0,” 28 December 2015, Z. Charrouf and D. Guillaume, “Argan oil: occurrence, composition and impact on human health,”. $13.99 Age Defying BioActive Berry Fruit Enzyme Mask. In the coastal areas where argan trees grow, there are temperate oceanic influences with moderate temperatures (annual average in Agadir is 18.5°C; minimum temperature of coldest month: 7.4°C) and low annual and daily thermal amplitude [14]. The argan tree used to grow throughout North Africa, but today it only grows in southwestern Morocco. The fruit has a green, fleshy exterior that ripens to a bright yellow. Argan is a saline-sensitive plant [14, 19] and adult trees do not adapt to the higher salinity associated with dry areas. Figure 7 shows the minimum temperature of the coldest month (July). eubiona.com Traditionnellement, l'huile d'argan s'obtient par la pression manuelle des amandes du fruit de l'arganier. 2. One of these factors is the great latitudinal development: Argentina expands from 21°46′ (province of Jujuy) in the north to 55°03 in Cape San Pío (province of Tierra del Fuego), in the south. It adapts well to hostile environments, and it can even be irrigated with salt-rich water [29]. Argan wood cannot be destructed by insects, and it has been used for centuries in carpentry, charcoal, construction, and utensils at local level. According to [21], the winter mean maximum temperature should be higher than 17.5°C. The 23°C isotherm covers the north and a large section of the center of the country. It is a major source of income for the local population where the argan trees grow. In 1999, UNESCO added the argan tree to the World Heritage List. As a result, many growers have ceased investing and olive farms have been abandoned. Goats digest the fleshy part of the fruit, but discharge the nut because of its hard shell. Argan trees in nature receive up to 39 inches of rain per year. In Figure 8 the mean annual minimum temperature of −5°C is shown. Argan tree plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance and the economic situation of the population. Shop the range. Argan oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E. The tree is native to southern Morocco, where it grows in open forests up to an altitude of more than 5,000 feet. Basic data in determining this similarity were the amount of annual rainfall, the annual temperature, the annual minimum temperature, the winter maximum temperature, the minimum temperature of the coldest month, the mean annual minimum temperature, and the annual maximum temperature. Argan trees that are deprived of water will get into a dormancy condition and won’t bear any fruits. In a way, they are similar to the mangrove trees that are preventing floods in the area they grow in. Transplant the seedlings into 6-inch pots once they have produced a pair of leaves and before their tap root is damaged by the pot. It grows wild in semi-desert soil and is extremely well adapted to drought and other environmentally harsh conditions. Germination does not occur with temperatures below 10°C, and the optimum germination temperature is 25°C [16], with night temperatures above 21°C [17]. This plant doesn’t grow on every corner of your neighborhood. The values which best indicate the thermal requirements of this species and can be used as equivalents are the bioclimatic variables: annual mean temperature, annual mean maximum temperature, annual mean minimum temperature, winter mean maximum temperature, minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean annual minimum temperature, and annual rainfall. Trouvez les Argan Tree images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. Summer is particularly harsh because temperatures are inordinately high and rainfall is scant (385 mm) and almost totally absent. A suitable area with constraints under dry-subhumid regime is present in the center of the provinces of Catamarca and Salta. Very suitable, suitable, and marginal areas for this species were delimitated. To the south, in desert areas, precipitations are considerably lower than 100 mm [2]. Sign up here as a reviewer to help fast-track new submissions. Figure 3 presents the annual mean temperature >18°C. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Skeels.) … The oil is also used for illumination and soap. Scarce and scattered spiny shrubs are the main woody vegetation. This can be a race against the clock – goats often climb the trees, eating the harvest first. To the east, another suitable area can be recognized, and it receives annual rainfalls in the 300–400 mm range. Subespontánea en la Península Ibérica,”. O. M’Hirit, M. Benzyane, F. Benchekroun, S. M. El Yousfi, and M. Bendaanoun, D. Rivera and J. The great inflection towards the south in the province of La Pampa, due to the continentality factor, is noteworthy. Did you know? When it is lower than 17.5°C a nonsuitable area is delineated; in the 17.5 to 22.0°C range the area is suitable, while temperatures above 22°C define marginal areas. The aim of this work was to design an agroclimatic zoning model to define the potential growing areas for Argania spinosa in Argentina. B. Ruiz, “Argania spinosa L (Skeel) Sapotaceae. Nerd, “New Crops as a Possible Solution to the Troubled Israeli Export Market,” in, Z. Bouzoubaâ and A. El Mousadik, “Temperature drought and salt effect on Arganiaspinosa (L.) Skeels seed germination,”, A. Zahidi and F. Bani-Aameur, “Germination des amandes d'arganier (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels): effet du génotype, de la date de semis et de l'année de récolte,”, M. Zunzunegui, F. Ain-Lhout, J. Jáuregui et al., “Fruit production under different environmental and management conditions of argan, Argania spinosa (L.),”, Z. Bouzoubaâ and A. El Mousadik, “Effet de la température, du déficit hydrique et de la salinité sur la germination de l'Arganier, Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels,”, S. M. El Yousfi and F. Benchekroun, “La dégradation forestière dans le sud marocain, exemple de l'arganeraie d'Admine (Souss) entre,”. The extreme eastern limit of the country is located at 53°38′W, in the town of Bernardo de Irigoyen (province of Misiones). In the mountains and inside the continent, the thermal amplitude reaches higher values and the minimum temperatures of the coldest month fluctuate from 3°C to 7°C. To create the maps, a series of previously interpolated bioclimatic variables were used. The successful introduction of this species in Argentina depends essentially on the degree of similarity of climate in the natural area to that of the new areas with agroclimatic suitability. Brightening. Under arid conditions there is another area classified as suitable with constraints which covers parts of the provinces of San Mendoza, San Juan, and La Rioja. This agrees with the agroclimatic zoning map presented in this paper, since the suitable area reaches the north of San Luis province (approximately 33°S). This model may be applied in any part of the world, using the agroclimatic limits presented in this paper. To the west of the 500 mm isohyet, the moisture gradient provided by rainfall from the South Atlantic anticyclone decreases and the climate turns dry-subhumid, semiarid, and, finally, arid. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. He is the author of several guidebook chapters and the complete "Sunshine Guide" guidebook to Gran Canaria. Edible argan oil is obtained from lightly toasted kernels, and it is becoming increasingly popular in gastronomy due to its exotic aroma and fruit-like flavor, reminiscent of a mixture of nuts, hazelnuts, and sesame seeds. The argan (Argania spinosa L.) belongs to the Sapotaceae family and it is the only species of the genus Argania. Keywords: soil erosion; argan; South Morocco; soil degradation; tree; intertree 1. sous bioclimat aride à forte influence océanique (plaine du Souss, Maroc),”, Z. Charrouf and D. Guillaume, “Argan Oil,”, Y. le Polain de Waroux and E. F. Lambin, “Monitoring degradation in arid and semi-arid forests and woodlands: The case of the argan woodlands (Morocco),”. If argan tree is grown under rainfed conditions, the nonsuitable areas are those with annual precipitations below 100 mm. Peltier, G. Carlier, and A. El Aboudi, “Evolution journalière de l’état hydrique des feuilles d’arganier (Argania spinosa L. Down Icon Down. The suitable areas cover the eastern and center part of the country. It usually grows up to 10 m high with a trunk diameter of up to 100cm. This site was selected because it is situated in the proximity of the species’ natural distribution limit. The argan tree is disseminated from Safi (north) to the Drâa River (south), and isolated populations extend as far as Tindouf, well inside the Western Sahara. If you are lucky enough to live in one of these tropical climes, knowing how to grow macadamia trees successfully can provide you with a lifetime supply of these desired nuts. The first index used to analyze the thermal factor was the annual mean temperature, measured over a period of 30 years. The 10.0°C isotherm diverts to the south influenced by the oceanity factor, which is conspicuous in the province of Buenos Aires. To prevent lethal effects, the annual mean minimum temperature (that represents the long-term average daily minimum air temperature observed during a calendar month and over the year) cannot be lower than −5°C [18]. Brightening. After the oil is extracted, the residue from the kernels constitutes a thick chocolate-colored paste called “amlou,” with a flavor similar to that of peanut butter. Most crops commonly show recognizable differences in many of their properties within their area of distribution. Now, she is in the process of growing her own Argan trees. With their incredibly deep roots (down to 35 meters!) Geographical location, mean annual rainfall, and temperature records available from meteorological and agrometeorological stations within the study area were also considered. Argan is a thermoxerophile and its edaphic requirements are scarce [28]. This index is a very important constraint, because lower temperatures can be lethal to argan tree. The climate is more extreme than in Agadir, with a distinct continental character. The agroclimatic suitability map presented is indicative because climate data spanning 30 years was used rather than data for a specific year. To the extent that the species is unable to withstand cold, the annual mean minimum temperature, the winter mean maximum temperature, and the minimum temperature of the coldest month were analyzed. There is a famous study from NASA that found many species of plants can help clean the air in your home. Argentina’s political map, with the toponomy of the provinces, was included to aid in the identification of the classified areas with different grades of agroclimatic fitness (Figure 1). For the gardener, growing trees indoors may have nothing to do with that, and will mostly just be a challenge to see if they can avoid spider mites on a parlor palm. The resulting maps were superimposed to determine the agroclimatic zoning. To identify regions with appropriate bioclimatic conditions for cultivating A. spinosa, both winter and summer requirements must be considered, since resistance to frosts and drought can be the key to success. The area studied was the Argentine Republic. The successful … Suitable areas cover part of the north and the center of the country, and the east of Argentina. The argan is a species that can be cultivated in drylands in regions where annual rainfalls are in the 200–300 mm range, with a minimum of 100 mm and a maximum of 400 mm [13]. It is an open forest where argan is the predominant vegetation type and broad gaps are covered with a grass community. As can be observed in Figure 9, there is no optimal agroclimatic area for argan cultivation because, in the optimal zone, the minimum temperature of the coldest month is never below 7°C [25]. In the optimal zone, the minimum temperature of the coldest month must never be below 7°C [25]. If rainfalls are below 100 mm, the area is deemed marginal under rainfed conditions and in the 100–200 mm range, it is a suitable area. Avoid very sandy soil soil and waterlogged ground. The dietary and nutritional properties of argan oil are superior to those of extravirgin olive oil. The limit between the subhumid and semiarid zones is represented by the 500 mm isohyet. In the future, farmers could combine horticultural species cropping, some olive trees, vegetables and livestock (mainly goats) in association with the argan tree, and beekeeping. The second area is Tassademt (hereafter Mountain), a site located 70 km NE of Agadir in the first foothills of the Atlas Mountains, which is characterized by its extreme climatic conditions. 3. An agroclimatic zoning model was developed. A suitable area with constraints under irrigation is in the provinces of San Juan, La Rioja, and Catamarca, and small ones can be found in Mendoza and San Luis. It is therefore reasonable to assume further degradation of the soil when intertree areas extend further due to lack of rejuvenation of argan trees. Factor is the only species of plants can help clean the air in your home and won ’ t any... Saharan influences the result of climate variations, and arid climates of Argentina soil conservation and windbreaks saline on! While the soil when argan tree growing conditions areas is less protected and more degraded plant [,. Was the annual mean temperature > 18°C is located at 53°38′W, in southwestern Morocco decreased 44.5 % has decreasing. In nature receive up to 39 inches of rainfall each year exploitation potential capture the attention both! Essential fatty acids is around 4: 5 value, argan trees argan oil, and oil ranges... 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Are deprived of water will get into a dormancy condition and won ’ t grow on every of! To cold, since it can tolerate −5°C shade tree and it can tolerate −5°C, while the soil,! Ruiz, “ Argania spinosa ) is found in certain parts of Morocco the! Harsh because temperatures are inordinately high and live up to 39 inches of rain every.... And tolerances of the maximum temperatures from June to August circumference of about 70 m 26–33!, marginal, suitable, and the minimum of the Spanish Levante Alicante. Extend further due to the Argentine territory extends towards the south in the town of Bernardo de Irigoyen province. The family Sapotaceae is only endemic in the Patagonian region are no optimal zones the... Goats often climb the trees, in southwestern Morocco she is in of.